Practical Anatomy Online Learning among COVID‑19 Pandemic Era: Perceptions of 1st‑Year MBBS Students

Introduction: With the rise of the COVID‑19 pandemic, digital learning has been implemented in medical colleges across India to continue the ongoing medical education. Anatomy is the basis of medical science and is best learned through offline classes that allow students to experiencethe texture of structures and handling of specimens. During this pandemic period, cadaveric dissection was not used to study anatomy. The aim of this study was to learn about students’ attitudes regarding virtual teaching and learning in anatomy, as well as the problems they may confront. MaterialsandMethods: Adescriptive cross‑sectional study was conducted in the department of anatomy among the 50 1st‑year MBBS students of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot in April 2021. Google Forms were used to obtain informed consent from students. Prevalidated questionnaires were given online to the students and responses were noted and descriptive statistical data was derived from the analysis. Results: About 37 (74%) respondents found traditional classes are better than online teaching. Majority preferred to attend anatomy practicals offline with safety precautions. About 17 (34%) showed interest in prerecorded videos. About 35 (60%) students faced social isolation as an impact of online learning. Technical issues and distractions were the key problems faced while learning anatomy online. Conclusion: Prerecorded videos of the practicals are helpful in teaching anatomy practicals, and can be used in future to ensure an unbroken, continuous, and effective delivery of medical education

Morphometric Study to Assess Dimensions of Orbital Roof and Floor In Dry Skulls

Background: The orbit is a craniofacial structure that can beaffected by a large number of congenital, traumatic, neoplastic,vascular, and endocrine disorders. Therefore, the presentstudy was conducted to assess dimensions of orbital roof andfloor in dry skulls.Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted toassess dimensions of orbital roof and floor in 55 dry skullswhich were collected from the Department of Anatomy,Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College & Research Centre,TMU, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. Based on themorphology, skulls were differentiated into 36 male and 19female skulls. The roof length and floor length of the orbit wasmeasured. The data obtained were tabulated and analyzedusing Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Version 21.0(SPSS, Chicago, IL). The results were considered significantwhen p < 0.05.Results: In the present study total sample size was 55 dryskulls in which 36 were male skulls and 19 were female skulls.In male mean roof length was 5.43 and in female mean rooflength was 4.65. In male mean floor length was 4.81 and infemale mean floor length was 4.76. The right mean roof lengthwas 4.22 and left mean roof length was 4.93. In right meanfloor length was 4.45 and left mean floor length was 4.86.Conclusion: Present study concluded that mean roof lengthand floor length was greater in males. The left roof and floorlength were greater than right roof length.

Morphometric Study of Estimation of Stature from Index Finger Length in Indian Population.

Background: Estimation of stature is basic and major section of Anthropological research which is necessary for unmistakable conformation and is used by medico- legal experts, forensic examiners and Anatomists. Methods: In the present, morphometric, cross sectional study of the measurement of stature from index finger length among the population of India is done. This study consist of 400 subject among them 200 are males and 200 females between the age group of 17-25 year. The subjects are students of Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research centre. The data was statistically analysed by calculating mean and standard deviation as well as standard error. Regression formula was also derived by calculating the stature and the index and ring finger length. Result: The high value of the regression coefficient shows that the index finger length may clearly predict the body height in both sexes. It is a good predictor for estimation of the height of the males and females subjects. Regression equations are- For male:- Y= 124.26+6.41(RIFL), For female:- Y= 110.16+5.82(RIFL). Conclusion: The finding of the present study shows that the index finger length can be used successfully to predict the height of the human being. Medico-legally it is a considerable parameter which determines the height of subject which is a major step in recognition of a deceased subject.

A Study of Auricle Morphology for Identification in Indians.

Background: External ear is a significant feature for human face identification. Its size, shape and spatial location on human face are vital from aesthetic point of view. The knowledge of morphometry of normal human auricle and its symmetry is also required for the surgical resection. Aim: The aim of the current study was to estimate the morphometry of external ear and its anatomical landmarks with respect of identification. Methods: In the current, morphometric, cross sectional study was done on 400 Indian students (males = 200 and females = 200) of Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre.The parameters was analysed by using camera and adobe Photoshop software (version 7.0). The data was statistically analyzed by using student’s t test. p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In our cohort, all parameters were higher in males except left lobular width, which was higher in females. The mean observation of the right and left ear length of males were 4.61± 0.41 cm, 4.54± 0.44 cm respectively, while in females were 3.68± 0.42 cm, 3.67±0.54 cm respectively. The mean value of the right and left ear width of males were 3.17±0.37 cm, 3.03±0.47 cm respectively, and while in females 2.57 ± 0.32 cm, 2.55±0.41 cm respectively. The mean value of the left right and left lobular length of males were 1.56±0.12 cm, 1.50± 0.19 cm and in females were 1.09± 0.13 cm, 1.08±0.13 cm respectively. The mean values of the right and left lobular width of males were 1.58± 0.26 cm, 1.51± 0.37 cm and in females were 1.53± 0.35 cm, 1.53±0.35 cm respectively. Free lobule = 88.5% and the attach lobule = 11.5% respectively. Conclusion: This study makes possible the identification of an individual such as race, sex and age whose identity is unknown. Medico legally it is considerable parameter for forensic investigation to optimize the crime.

The Morphometric Study of Sexual Dimorphism in Index & Ring Finger Length Ratio in Indian Population.

Background: Anthropometry is a science which deals with method and techniques of measurement of living as well as skeletons of individuals. The morphometry of different parts of human body helps in personal identification and also sexual dimorphism. Methods: Total number of students (200=Male & 200=Female) of age 17-25 years of Teerthanker Mahaveer University were examined for one year. With the help of vernier caliper, the lengths of index and ring fingers were measured and then ratio was calculated in both the genders. The data was tabulated & mean & standard deviation was calculated. The paired t- test was used and P- value was calculated. P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean values of male population were found to be right 2D 7.04cm, right 4D 7.20cm, right 2D:4D ratio 0.97cm respectively, while in females the mean value were found to be right 2D 6.52cm, right 4D 6.72cm, right 2D:4D Ratio 0.96 cm respectively. Using t-test, in males and females the 2D:4D ratio was statistically insignificant for the right hand with p>0.05. Conclusion: The anthropometric ratios help in establishing the gender and race of the individual, thus plays an important role in forensic science.

A Study of Sexual Dimorphism in Finger Print Pattern in Indian Population.

Background: In Dermatoglyphics the finger palms and soles elevation pattern are studied. The term dermatoglyphics, the uniqueness of a person’s fingerprints have been thought by some to be fixing to a person’s personality and constructing genetic quality of each individual. Methods: In the present study, 400 students are taken from out of which 200 males and 200 females. Prints are taken and the ridge counts are studied with the help of a magnifying lens. They are identified as: Arches, Loops and Whorls in both genders. The Performa is prepared on a durable A4 sheet divided into five marked areas. The right hand thumb (1) index finger (2) middle finger (3) ring finger (4) little finger (5), followed by the left hand; thumb (6) index finger (7) middle finger (8) ring finger (9), little finger (10). Result: The most common fingerprint patterns in Indian population is loops (both ulnar and radial) (60.65%) followed by whorls (34.7%) and arch (53.5%). The most common fingerprint patterns in Indian males is ulnar loops (55.1%) similarly (64.6%) females had ulnar loops. The percentage of whorls in males and females were 38% and 31.4% respectively. The rarest finger pattern was arch (6%) in males and (4.7%) in females. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics can play an important role in person identity and gender estimation. Thus this study we prove helpful in forensic science and also in slowing medico legal cases.

Morphometric Study and Sexual Dimorphism of Percutaneous Tibial Length in Indian Race.

Background: “Anthropometry” includes the different techniques which express the human body and its parts in quantitative manner. Hence, this technique is considered as one of the useful and most applicable, non-invasive and also inexpensive technique worldwide. For the establishment of size of the body and also in sexual dimorphism this technique has been used by the anthropologist for many years. Aim: this study is undertaken to show sexual dimorphism in percutaneous tibial length in Indian race. Methods: The study was carried out on 200 subjects (100 male and 100 female) among the population of India. Percutaneous tibial length was measured with the help of spreading caliper. The data was collected and analyzed statistically. Results: Our study shows no significant difference between the Right and left PCTL in male and female among Indian races. Mean right PCT: Male – 37.82±1.99, Female – 34.84±1.91, Mean left PCT: Male – 37.79±1.98, Female – 34.79±1.89. The percutaneous tibial length was significantly high in males as compared to females. Conclusion: The present study reveals that there is no statistical significance difference occurs between the right and left percutaneous tibial length among male and female. It also shows that the percutaneous tibial length of male is significantly higher than female in the Indian race.

Cheiloscopy: An Aid to Personal Identification in India.

Background: As said “Identification is an individual’s birth right”. Identification of the individual is based on certain characteristics, which is unique to that individual. Cheiloscopy is the examination of lip prints, the lip prints are permanent and fixed, like fingerprint and palatal rugae, hence it can be used in personal identification. Aim: This study is undertaken to evaluate the uniqueness of lip print for personal identification Methods: The study was carried out on 400 subjects (200 male and 200 female) among the population of India. Lipstick was applied on the lips and print was taken on bond paper, the prints were divided into four quadrants and were analyzed by using magnifying lens and Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification were used to identify the most common type of pattern among Indians for personal identification. Results: Our study shows that the most common type of pattern in Indian race was TYPE III (39%) and in all the quadrants (I, II, III, IV) most dominant pattern was type III in males and type II in females. Conclusion: The present study reveals that, there was no similarity in the lip print pattern of one individual with that of the other individual. The lip print pattern varies between the same age group people as well as among the population of same region.

Modifications on Dorsum of Neck of Talus (Squatting Facets and Trochlear Extensions) in Indians.

Objective: Habitual squatting in humans is associated with modifi cations of ankle especially the neck of the talus (squatting facets) and its trochlear surface (trochlear extensions) that characterize the strong pressure and traction forces on ankle joints in state of hyperdorsifl exion. Present study was done to fi nd out variations and incidences of various types of modifi cations of neck of talus thoroughly and to determine regional peculiarities of these modifi cations in Indians. Material and Methods: 300 dry (150 right and 150 left) adult tali were taken for present study. Each talus was examined for the presence of various patterns of articular facets on neck of talus and extensions of its trochlear surface. Statistical analysis of data was performed by using Fisher exact test with 95% confi dence limits. Results: Lateral squatting facet was found in 136 tali (45.3%). Incidences of medial, combined & continuous gutter like squatting facets were 7.7%, 3.3% & 4.3% respectively. Lateral and medial extensions of trochlear surface were found in 22.3% and 23.7% respectively. Conclusions: Modifi cations of the neck of talus (squatting facets and trochlear extensions) are result of prolonged squatting positions which is common habit of Indian population and incidences of these variations can be used as an anthropological marker for racial and regional diff erentiation of unidentifi ed bones.

Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics: Concepts and Applications in Nutrition Research and Practice.

Nutrigenomics refers to the application of genomic principles in nutritional research, enables us to formulate associations between specific nutrients and genetic factors, e.g. the way in which food or food ingredients influence gene expression. It aims to identify the genes that influence the risk of diet-related diseases and also helpful to solve the mechanisms that underlie these genetic predispositions. In contrast, nutrigenetics reveals the coordination of genetic makeup of individuals with their responses to various dietary nutrients. It clarifies different responses to same nutrient by different individuals. Interaction of genetic background and diet with regard to development of chronic conditions as obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and cancer are discussed in present review. These two branches of nutrition resemble with two sides of a coin, facing towards opposite sides but simultaneously, they are intimately attached with each other. Collective efforts by the scientific community are needed to strictly follow guidelines put forth regarding experimental designs, analysis, and data storage for nutritional research. This strategy will be helpful to generate a sound database useful for clinicians and dietetic practitioners.

Cytomorphometrical Analysis of Exfoliated Buccal Mucosal Cells: Effect of Smoking.

Introduction: Exfoliative cytology is a non-aggressive, non-invasive procedure with higher patient compliance and is therefore, an attractive technique for the early diagnosis of oral lesions. Th e purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare cytological changes using morphometric analysis of the exfoliated buccal mucosal cells in smokers, with results obtained for non-smokers. Methods: Smears were collected from the clinically normal buccal mucosa of 120 individuals. Age range of subjects taken was 40-60 years. Smears were then stained with Papanicolaou stain. Results: Mean NA for smokers was signifi cantly elevated compared with the mean NA for non-smokers. Mean CA in smokers was decreased as compared to non-smokers but the diff erence was not signifi cant. Also, N/C ratio was signifi cantly elevated in smokers group. With increasing heavy exposure in duration of years, Cytomorphometric changes show signifi cant altered values for all three measured parameters (NA, CA and N/C ratio). Conclusion: Increase in NA and decreased CA as well as altered N/C ratio would appear to be due to smoking tobacco. Cytomorphometric analysis can be used regularly to detect these cell alterations. Th is method can also aid in motivating individuals to withdraw from adverse eff ects of tobacco smoking. Currently, use of exfoliative cytology has increased as an adjunct to screening of precancerous lesions and malignancies of the oral cavity.